ࡱ> J( ;`/ 0DArialngsDT(0(:A 0 DWingdingsDT(0(:A 0 @ .  @n?" dd@  @@`` XP~fu  $&(68:HJPRV^dn "*4,.02<>@BDFLNTXZ\b`pr   !#%')+-/13579;=?ACEGIKMOQSUWY[]c_aeoqsfhjlgikmtu 0AA@N ʚ;R_8ʚ;g47d7d@:A 0ppp@ <4ddddl$ 0T<4BdBdl$ 0T <4!d!dl # 080___PPT10 ?n$ ZAdapted to PowerPoint by Tara L. Moore, MGCCCO  =<[Principles of Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 4: Tissues To continue, LEFT click your mouse. \8($ m6 DIRECTIONSThis PowerPoint presentation is designed to function like flash cards. To reveal answers or to move to the next slide, left click your mouse. You may exit at any time by pressing the Esc button.$  TISSUE TYPES$Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous SIMPLE MEANS Single LayerSTRATIFIED MEANSSeveral LayersPSEUDOSTRATIFIED MEANSyHas only one layer of cells, but some cells fail to reach the surface, which gives the tissues a multi-layered APPEARANCEzn  TYPES OF CELL SHAPESSquamous- flattened and scale-like Cuboidal- cube-shaped when viewed in cross section Columnar- tall and cylindrical Transitional- have a combination of shapes and are found where there is a great degree of distention or expansion (lungs, stomach) TYPES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUES(Simple Squamous Simple Cuboidal Simple Columnar Stratified Squamous Stratified Cuboidal Stratified Columnar Glandular Epithelium SIMPLE SQUAMOUS A single layer of flat, scale-like cells resembling a tiled floor. LOCATION: Line the heart, line blood vessels and lymph vessels and form the walls of capillaries (endothelium) FUNCTION: filtration and diffusion Forms the epithelium of serous membranes (mesothelium)  SIMPLE CUBOIDALCube-shaped LOCATION: lining surface of ovaries, lens of eye, retina, kidneys, gland ducts FUNCTION: secretion and absorption   SIMPLE COLUMNAR/ Rectangular shaped Two types: ciliated and nonciliated ( you looked at nonciliated in lab) The nonciliated type lines the digestive tract, the gallbladder, and gland ducts The ciliated type is found in the upper respiratory tract, uterus, and spinal cord FUNCTION: secretion, absorption and protection /0" GOBLET CELLSAre interspersed among columnar cells and secrete mucus that: Lubricates the intestinal wall Carries foreign particles that have been inhaled to the throat where they can be swallowed and eliminated 2>>y<Simple ColumnaruIn the small intestines, the plasma membranes of these cells are folded into microvilli, which aid in food absorption STRATIFIED SQUAMOUSNear the surface of the skin these cells have a flat appearance; in deeper skin they vary in shape from cuboidal to columnar LOCATION: esophagus, lining of skin, entrances into the body FUNCTION: protection Two types: nonkeratinized and keratinized #NONKERATINIZEDFound on wet surfaces exposed to wear and tear, not functioning as absorptive surfaces (lining of mouth, tongue, esophagus, vagina)$ KERATINIZEDHContain keratin, a waterproof protein resistant to friction- tough layer STRATIFIED CUBOIDALfRare LOCATION: sweat glands, conjunctiva of the eye, pharynx, epiglottis, urethra FUNCTION: protection STRATIFIED COLUMNARPRare LOCATION: milk ducts in mammary glands FUNCTION: protection and absorption  GLANDULAR EPITHELIUMComposed of glands that secrete various products into the body. A gland may be only one cell or a group of cells that secrete substances into ducts, onto surfaces, or into the blood. Exocrine glands Endocrine glands&!!% EXOCRINE GLANDSSecrete their products (mucous, sweat, oil, wax, digestive enzymes) into ducts or onto a free surface. Examples are sweat glands, salivary glands, and goblet cells&"TYPES OF EXOCRINE GLANDS(Holocrine Merocrine Apocrine'# HOLOCRINE_Accumulate a secretory product in the cytoplasm and die releasing the product (sebaceous gland)($ MEROCRINE[Form a secretory product and discharge it from the cell. Cells do not die (salivary glands))%APOCRINEAccumulate the secretory product at the apical end (tip end), and then the end pinches off. The cell repairs itself and repeats the process (mammary glands)*!ENDOCRINE GLANDSDuctless and release their products (hormones) directly into the blood (Hormones are chemicals that regulate various physiological functions)ADULT CONNECTIVE TISSUEConnective tissue proper (5 types) is composed of a fluid- like intercellular material and fibroblasts. The fibroblasts secrete the intercellular material (matrix) Cartilage (3 types) Osseous tissue (1 types) Vascular tissue (blood)CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER(WAreolar Adipose Dense connective Elastic connective tissue Reticular connective tissueAREOLAR TISSUELoose ordinary Abundant in humans, consists of various types of fibers and cells embedded in the matrix The matrix contains of hyaluronic acid, which serves to help the passage of nutrients in and out of cells+&FIBERS IN AREOLAR TISSUE Collagenous- white fibers - very tough and resistant, composed of the protein collagen Elastic- yellow fibers- smaller and more elastic, may stretch up to 50% of their length Reticular fibers- collagen and glycoprotein, provide support and strength in areolar matrix Z ,'CELLS IN AREOLAR MATRIX/Fibroblasts Macrophages Plasma cells Mast cells-( FIBROBLASTSdLarge cells with branching processes that form new fibers and matrix - called fibrocytes when mature.) MACROPHAGESkWBCs capable of engulfing bacteria and cellular debris- derived from monocytes (a type of White Blood Cell)/* PLASMA CELLSiGive rise to antibodies, which attack antigens that enter the body (Plasma cells arise from lymphocytes.)0+ MAST CELLSProduce heparin, which prevents blood from clotting in the vessels. Also produce histamine and serotonin (which dilate blood vessels) Mast cells develop from basophils.ADIPOSE TISSUEHave  signet ring (class ring) shape where cell s nucleus and cytoplasm are pushed to the edge of cell LOCATION: subcutaneous layer of skin FUNCTION: Fat- contained in adipocytes - specialized for storing energy DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUEYHas a closer, more dense packing of fibers than areolar and less matrix Irregular Regular&HH1,!IRREGULAR DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE""(Tensions are exerted in various directions- the bundle fibers are interwoven without regular orientation Forms fasciae, periosteum of bone, perichondrium of cartilage, and protective covering around the surface of cartilage6P^,x  G2-REGULAR DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE (RAdapted for tension in one direction. Fibers have an orderly, parallel arrangement$S9ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE(Freely - branching elastic fibers giving tissue a yellow color. Fibroblasts are present between fibers. Can stretch and snap back into place LOCATION: larynx, arteries, trachea, bronchial tubes, lungsRETICULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE(qFUNCTION: Consists of interlacing reticular fibers that support organs (forms the stroma, or framework of organs)$rR3. CARTILAGECan endure a lot of stress Has no blood vessels or nerves, except for perichondrium, which covers the surface Strength is due to collagenous fibers Resilience is due to chondroitin sulfate Cartilage cells are called chondrocytes (chondroblasts) and sit in shallow cavities called lacunaF TYPES OF CARTILAGEHyaline Fibrocartilage Elastic  4/HYALINE CARTILAGEMost dense type (gristle) Most abundant LOCATION: ends of long bones and forms the costal cartilage at the ventral ends of the ribs Found in the nose, larynx, trachea, and bronchi50FIBROCARTILAGEoStrength and rigidity LOCATION: symphysis pubis, intervertebral discs, and menisci (protective sac) of the knee61ELASTIC CARTILAGE}Chondrocytes located in a thread-like network of elastic fibers- epiglottis, pinnae (outer ear), Eustachian tubes (inner ear)OSSEOUS TISSUE (BONE)Together with cartilage forms the skeletal system Contains abundant matrix Osteoblasts produce bone matrix Bone tissue consists of many repeating units of osteons (Haversian Systems) 0K b83OSTEON CONSISTS OFnHaversian canal- runs through the bone matrix; contains blood vessels and nerves Lamellae- concentric rings of hard intercellular matrix Lacunae- small cavities in the matrix where  osteocells (cytes, blasts, clasts) are found Osteocytes- mature bone cells that have lost the ability to produce new bone tissue8Z872 CANALICULI~Minute canals radiating throughout the matrix- nutrients enter the osteocytes and cell wastes are removed through these canalsVASCULAR TISSUE-BLOOD=Picks up O2 from the lungs, nutrients from the digestive tract, hormones from the endocrine glands, and enzymes and transports them to cells Picks up wastes (CO2, urea) from cells and carries them to the lungs, kidneys, or sweat glands for expulsion Erythrocytes (RBCs), Leukocytes (WBCs) and Thrombocytes (platelets)8>Z o7 MUSCLE TISSUE|FUNCTION: contraction Provides means for motion, maintenance of posture and heat production 3 TYPES Skeletal Cardiac Smooth&eep8SKELETALVoluntary muscle; attached to and moves the skeleton Myofibrils are contractile units - give muscle striated appearance Cells are multinucleated and cylindrical Each cell is surrounded by sarcolemma (plasma membrane) The cytoplasm is called sarcoplasm $d q9CARDIAC MUSCLEForms the bulk of the heart (involuntary muscle) Striated with quadrangular (square) fibers which branch - forming networks Uninucleated Muscle fibers are separated from each other by transverse thickenings of the sarcolemma called intercalated discs6b~r: SMOOTH MUSCLEInvoluntary muscle Found in the walls of hollow internal structures (vessels, stomach, bladder, small intestines) Non-striated, uninucleated, pointed at both ends (Canoe or cigar  shaped nucleus)NERVOUS TISSUErFUNCTION: pick up and transmit stimuli (conduction) Two components Neurons (nerve cells) Neuroglia (support cells)&C0C094NEURONSConduct nervous impulses to other neurons, muscles, or glands 3 main parts Dendrites: receive impulses from other neurons Cell body (Perikaryon, or soma): contains the nucleus and other organelles Axon: carries impulse away from a cell body &KK:5 NEUROGLIA9Smaller cells that protect and support the larger neuronsw;THE END J$  /<<=>?@ABCD E F G H IJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[ \!]"^#_$`%a&b'c(d)e*f+g,h-i.j/k0l1n2s3t4u5v6x7z8+ ` 33` Sf3f` 33g` f` www3PP` ZXdbmo` \ғ3y`Ӣ` 3f3ff` 3f3FKf` hk]wwwfܹ` ff>>\`Y{ff` R>&- {p_/̴>?" dd@,|?" dd@   " @ ` n?" dd@   @@``PR    @ ` ` p>>-K0 |t (    6  `}<$ 0  T Click to edit Master title style! !B  0h  `<$ 0  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     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